Cold-tolerant plant

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the identification and molecular characterization as well as to the use of genes and markers from a chromosomal interval which has a locus for cold tolerance in maize. The invention further relates to the development of molecular markers for assisting in growth, in particular for preventing a fixing of a “selective sweep” in a region with a low recombination rate, and to the provision of transgenic and non-transgenic plants, in particular maize plants, which show a newly mediated or increased cold tolerance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/779,328, filed, May 25, 2018, which is a U.S. National Phase of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2016/078920, filed Nov. 26, 2016, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 15196721.3, filed on Nov. 27, 2015, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

This application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The ASCII text file was created on May 24, 2018, is named KWS_57_seqlist.txt and is 65,997 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of the modification of plants using molecular biological methods and marker technology and genetic engineering. It relates to a novel chill-tolerant plant, in particular a maize plant, as well as to the identification and molecular characterization and also to the use of genes and markers from a chromosomal interval of 25.7 kb, which in maize lines contains a locus for chill/cold tolerance. In a further aspect, the invention relates to the development of molecular markers to assist during breeding, in particular to avoid fixing of a “selective sweep” in a region with a low recombination rate.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The expression “chill” means temperatures at which the maize plant can survive, but the growth is compromised or even substantially compromised. The optimal growth temperature for the germination of maize seeds and the development of maize plants is between 21-27° C. (Greaves JA (1996), Improving suboptimal temperature tolerance in maize—the search for variation. J Exp Bot 47: 307-323, 1996).

Thus, stress already occurs below temperatures of 20° C., which is a typical temperature in Northern Europe during planting times. Mild chilling stress with reduced photosynthesis in light and reduced growth is seen at 12-17° C., and severe chilling stress occurs together with cold-induced water stress, a type of drought stress, in light at 2-10° C. (Marocco A., Lorenzoni C and Fracheboud Y, 2005. Chilling stress in maize Maydica, 50: 571-580).

Chill stress is accompanied by either photoinhibition and oxidative stress in light or gene expression alterations in the dark (summarized in Marocco et al., 2005). The heterotrophic phase (sowing up to the third leaf) is the most sensitive, but the early autotrophic phase is also affected by chill stress (Bhosale et al., 2007 Chilling Tolerance of Central European Maize Lines and their Factorial Crosses, Annals of Botany 100: 1315-1321). The long-term action of low temperatures results in irreversible damage to the cells and tissue (Greaves, 1996) and associated reduced growth and yield.

Early strong plant growth is viewed as an important indicator for high and stable yields, for example in maize, in particular in the cool climate of Central and Northern Europe. In addition, maize varieties with improved early plant growth result in better ground coverage and thus assist in reducing erosion and nitrate flushing at the beginning of the growth phase.

Several QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) investigations have already been carried out in order to identify a genetic chill tolerance in maize Most of the studies analysed maize plants which were cultivated in growth chambers under optimal (25/22° C. and suboptimal (15/13° C.) conditions. In this regard, parameters such as the quantum efficiency of the photosy stem II, the maximum quantum efficiency of the photosy stem II, the chlorophyll fluorescence, the chlorophyll content of the third leaf (SPAD), leaf area and dry weight of the seedling were measured (Fracheboud, Y., et al. “Identification of quantitative trait loci for cold-tolerance of photosynthesis in maize (Zea mays L.).” Journal of experimental botany 53.376 (2002): 1967-1977; Fracheboud, Y., et al. “Genetic analysis of cold-tolerance of photosynthesis in maize” Plant molecular biology 56.2 (2004): 241-253; Hund, A., et al. “QTL controlling root and shoot traits of maize seedlings under cold stress.” Theoretical and applied genetics 109.3 (2004): 618-629; Hund, Andreas, et al. “Chill tolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus: pleiotropic relationship between photosynthetic performance and specific leaf area of maize seedlings.” Molecular Breeding 16.4 (2005): 321-331; Guerra-Peraza, Orlene, et al. “Temperature at night affects the genetic control of acclimation to cold in maize seedlings.” Maydica 56.4 (2012)), but in all of those experiments, no QTL was documented in the vicinity of the QTL on chromosome 4 described and cloned here. Leipner et al. (QTL studies reveal little relevance of chilling-related seedling traits for yield in maize Theor Appl Genet (2008) 116:555-562) reported a QTL mapping experiment in the blossom and harvest phase in a field experiment when sowing at two different times. The parameters measured were flowering time, plant height, straw and ear dry weight, and the authors compared their identified QTLs with QTLs which were identified using growth chamber experiments in the germination phase, such as that published by Jompuk et al. (Mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with chilling tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown under field conditions. Journal of experimental botany, 2005, 56. Jg., No. 414, p. 1153-1163.). Only a few common QTLs were detected. Leipner et al. concluded from this that the chill tolerance of seedlings apparently had no significant effect on yield.

Jompuk et al. (2005) determined the carbohydrate exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, the operational quantum efficiency of photosystem II, the green colour of the third leaf (SPAD), the area of the third leaf and the dry weight of the seedling in the same population, and mapped a QTL for SPAD for early sowing and the operational quantum efficiency of the photosystem II on chromosome 4 at 31.1 Mb, which is approximately 6 Mb from the QTL of the present invention in position 37 Mb.

Using SSR markers, Presterl et al. 2007 (“Quantitative trait loci for early plant vigour of maize grown in chilly environments.” Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114.6 (2007): 1059-1070) mapped a QTL of 4 cM on chromosome 4, but which has a physical size of approximately 155 Mb, which is no less than approximately 7% of the total genome for maize Although an advanced fine mapping study by Baliashvili was reported in 2011 (Feinkartierung eines QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) für Kühletoleranz auf Chromosom 4 in Mais and dessen molekularbiologische and phänotypische Charakterisierung. Diss. Universitäts- and Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2011 [Fine mapping of a QTL (quantitative trait locus) for chill tolerance on chromosome 4 in maize and its molecular biological and phenotype characterization, dissertation, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, 2011]), neither markers nor other sequence information was reported therein.

A recent QTL study has been published by Rodriguez et al. (Effects of selection for color intensity on antioxidant capacity in maize (Zea mays L.). Euphytica, 2013, 193. Jg., No. 3, p. 339-345). The descendants of a cross between Flint maize and Dent maize were evaluated under controlled conditions, wherein the Dent maize line reacted sensitively to low temperatures and exhibited a drastic reduction in the chlorophyll content. The control temperatures in this case were 25/20° C., and the cool temperatures were set at 14/8° C. The measured parameters were the number of surviving plants under control and cool conditions, the dry weight of the seedling under control conditions, the quantum yield of photosystem II under control conditions and the total anthocyanin content. Four out of the 10 detected QTL regions overlapped with the QTL mapped by Presterl et al. in 2007 on chromosome 4, but no further investigations were carried out in respect of the genetic bases such as, for example, fine mapping of the regions or the identification of candidate genes.

In investigations of this type, generally, analysis of a parenteral origin of alleles by markers which flank a target locus is used to select individuals with a short intact donor chromosome segment around the target gene, and thus “linkage drag” can be reduced. Stam and Zeven (The theoretical proportion of the donor genome in near-isogenic lines of self-fertilizers bred by backcrossing. Euphytica, 1981, 30. Jg., No. 2, p. 227-238), however, showed that the expected length of a donor chromosome segment which is coupled with a target gene, even after six generations of backcrossing and combined with selection onto the target gene, is still 32 cM of a 100 cM chromosome. There are examples of negative genetically coded properties which remain coupled with a target gene under selection (Zeven, A C; Knott, D R; Johnson, R. Investigation of linkage drag in near isogenic lines of wheat by testing for seedling reaction to races of stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust. Euphytica, 1983, 32. Jg., No. 2, p. 319-327).

In general, chill tolerance is an important feature in the further development of crop plants. In this regard, chill tolerance-conferring genes are known for other types of cultures. Thus, Ma et al. (in: COLD1 confers chilling tolerance in rice. Cell. 2015 Mar. 12; 160(6):1209-21), for example, describe the QTL COLD1 in rice. An overexpression of COLD1(jap) significantly increases chill tolerance. COLD1 codes for a regulator of the G-protein signal cascade. Furthermore, an SNP known as SNP2 is also described in COLD1. Similarly, chill tolerance is also considered to be an important aim for silo, grain and energy maize cultivation in many maize growing regions, in particular in the cool regions of Central and Northern Europe, but also in Southern Europe, where farmers would like to sow maize plants earlier in order to exploit the moisture of winters in the ground better. The discovery and characterization of chill tolerance-conferring genes and the provision of novel markers for chill tolerance in plants in general and in particular in crop plants, as well as the provision of plants with an increased chill tolerance, without these plants suffering further agronomic or breeding disadvantages, is thus of particular interest and an objective of this invention. Further aspects will become apparent to the person skilled in the art upon study of the description and examples below.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the present invention, this objective is achieved by means of the provision of a nucleic acid, which comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 29, 3, 7, 11, 15, 25 or 35, or a functional fragment thereof, b) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from a), c) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from a) or b), d) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to a), b) or c) depending on the degeneracy of the genetic code, e) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to a), b) or c) under stringent conditions, f) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 30, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 26 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, or g) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for one or more RNAs which is/are capable of hybridizing with at least a portion of itself or with each other and of thus forming a double-stranded portion, wherein this nucleic acid matches over at least 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, preferably at least 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40, particularly preferably at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100, or more particularly preferably at least 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 750 or 1000 successive nucleotides with one of the nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of (i) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 27, 17, 19, 5, 7, 23 or 25, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from i), (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from (i) or (ii), (iv) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, (v) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) under stringent conditions, (vi) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 28, 18, 20, 6, 8, 24 or 26, or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, or vii) a nucleic acid sequence in antisense orientation to a nucleic acid sequence according to (i) to (vi).

The present invention results from studies by the inventors aimed at precisely identifying and localizing a chill tolerance-quantitative marker locus (quantitative trait locus (QTL)) on chromosome 4 of maize, cloning this QTL and sequencing and identifying the gene(s) which are responsible for the chill tolerance phenotype. The identified region of 25.7 kb (donor genotype) in total was investigated on a molecular level, and suitable candidate genes were identified (see FIG. 1). The functional validation carried out comprised the identification of TILLING mutants and gene expression studies. In this regard, the identified chill tolerance has been made useful for the first time on a breeding and genetic engineering level. During the course of the mapping and fine mapping studies, special molecular markers were developed which can be used diagnostically for the selection of plants with increased chill tolerance. Furthermore, the developed markers may also be used in order to specifically cross the genetic source of the increased chill tolerance in already available breeding material (for example existing varieties, elite lines, etc), and thus to keep the extent of the introgression produced low. In this manner, for the first time it has been possible to transmit the chill tolerance trait without bringing with it an extended genetic region of the centromer region of chromosome 4 from the donor. This is particularly advantageous, because it has been observed that this genetic region is strongly fixed and thus only allows a very small amount of genetic diversity and recombination frequency. If this genetic region, which in any case constitutes more than 5% of the total genome of maize, were to be transmitted with it, then it would drastically limit the further breeding usefulness of varieties with this important agronomic trait. Thus, the present invention advantageously and for the first time allows the identified chill tolerance trait to be exploited for breeding and at the same time reduces loss of genetic diversity (selective sweep) to a minimum.

As a result of the analyses carried out in the context of the invention, a significant correlation of phenotype markers for chill tolerance with the region between the markers ma59778s31 and ma59778119 was found (see FIG. 2, for example). The discovery of a QTL on chromosome 4 in the Dent pool which explains 35% of the phenotypic variation for chill tolerance constitutes a decisive resource for breeding exploitation.

Because of the low recombination rate and the pericentromeric position of the QTL, in the present case it was particularly difficult to restrict the original region to a narrow interval and, instead of a half chromosome of 122 MB on which even more negative traits would have been inherited and which would have led to a loss of genetic diversity, only a few kb were crossed in breeding With the knowledge regarding the genetic bases for the chill tolerance trait, it is now possible to exploit it alone and avoid linkage drag and reduced genetic diversity.

In the region around said QTL, by means of comparisons between the various plants and the associated database comparisons, several functional elements or genes could be identified (see examples) which alone or in combination are involved in chill tolerance. The following Tables Ia, Ib and Ic provide a list thereof.

TABLE 1a Genetic elements and genes in the 25.7 kb target region (TH genotype; ORF—open reading frame as identified; SL—sensitive line; TH—tolerant line) SEQ ID Position NO: Description (SL) Annotation 29 ORF TH-09 88663 Auxin-responsive SAUR protein (SAUR31) 3 ORF TH-01 61977 Retrotransposon gag Protein 7 ORF TH-02 63012 Transposon Sb07g001920 from Sorghum bicolor 11 ORF TH-03 65848 Transposon Sb07g001880 from Sorghum bicolor 15 ORF TH-04 70255 Transposon Sb07g001880 from Sorghum bicolor 25 ORF TH-08 80491 Transposon Sb07g001900 from Sorghum bicolor 35 ORF TH-11 79716 Putative polyprotein, Oryza sativa ssp. japonica Region TH-12 Transposon Sb07g001920 from Sorghum bicolor

TABLE 1b Genetic elements and genes in the 25.7 kb target region, not present in the TH genotype or which have an altered, preferably reduced expression in the TH genotype (ORF—open reading frame as identified; SL—sensitive line; TH—tolerant line) SEQ ID Position NO: Description (SL) Annotation 17 ORF SL-05 71918 Transposable element, possible non-characterized protein, Oryza sativa subsp. Japonica 19 ORF SL-06 74307 Retrotransposon, possible non-characterized protein OSJNBb0006B22.8, Oryza sativa subsp. japonica 7 ORF TH-02 63012 Transposon Sb07g001920 from Sorghum bicolor 25 ORF TH-08 80491 Transposon Sb07g001900 from Sorghum bicolor 29 ORF TH-09 88663 Auxin-responsive SAUR protein (SAUR31)

TABLE 1c Genetic elements and genes in the 25.7 kb target region (SL genotype; ORF—open reading frame as identified; SL—sensitive line; TH—tolerant line) SEQ ID Position NO: Description (SL) Annotation 27 ORF SL-09 88663 Auxin-responsive SAUR protein (SAUR31) 1 ORF SL-01 61977 Retrotransposon gag Protein 5 ORF SL-02 63012 Transposon Sb07g001920 from Sorghum bicolor 9 ORF SL-03 65848 Transposon Sb07g001880 from Sorghum bicolor 13 ORF SL-04 70255 Transposon Sb07g001880 from Sorghum bicolor 17 ORF SL-05 71918 Transposable element, possible non-characterized protein, Oryza sativa subsp. Japonica 19 ORF SL-06 74307 Retrotransposon, possible non-characterized protein OSJNBb0006B22.8, Oryza sativa subsp. japonica 23 ORF SL-08 80491 Transposon Sb07g001900 from Sorghum bicolor 27 ORF SL-09 88663 Auxin-responsive SAUR protein (SAUR31) Region SL-11 79716 Putative polyprotein, Oryza sativa ssp. japonica 21 ORF SL-12 Transposon Sb07g001920 from Sorghum bicolor

ORF-09 (SAUR31), ORF-08 and ORF-02, which exhibited different expressions between the SL and TH lines, are of particular interest in the context of the present invention and are therefore preferred (see Table 1b). As an example, the expression rate of ORF-09 under chill stress was higher in the chill-sensitive lines (SL) than in the chill-tolerant lines (TH) and reduced over time.

Data from analyses of the gene ORF-09 or the associated annotation SAUR31 with SEQ ID NO: 27 (nucleotide sequence for the SL genotype), SEQ ID NO: 29 (nucleotide sequence for the TH genotype) and SEQ ID NO: 31 (nucleotide sequence for the maize genome reference line B73) with the aid of marker analyses and evaluation of recombination frequencies in the various lines SL, TH and B73 (FIG. 1) enabled SAUR31 to be positioned unequivocally within a section on chromosome 4 between the markers ma59778s31 and ma59778119, preferably between ma59778s32 and ma59778119. In this regard, SAUR31 is a gene which codes for the auxin-responsive protein (cf. SEQ ID NOs: 28, 30 and 32). SAUR genes are known to be involved in cell expansion, auxin-mediated signal transduction and root meristem development and also are positive regulators for leaf senescence (Xu, N.; Hagen, G; Guilfoyle, T. Multiple auxin response modules in the soybean SAUR 15A promoter. Plant Science, 1997, 126. Jg., No. 2, p. 193-201; Jain, M; Tyagi, A K; Khurana, J P. Genome-wide analysis, evolutionary expansion, and expression of early auxin-responsive SAUR gene family in rice (Oryza sativa). Genomics, 2006, 88. Jg., No. 3, p. 360-371; Jain, M; Khurana, J P. Transcript profiling reveals diverse roles of auxin-responsive genes during reproductive development and abiotic stress in rice. Febs Journal, 2009, 276. Jg., No. 11, p. 3148-3162; Spartz, A K, et al. The SAUR19 subfamily of SMALL AUXIN UP RNA genes promote cell expansion. The Plant Journal, 2012, 70. Jg., No. 6, p. 978-990; Hou et al. SAUR36, a small auxin up RNA gene, is involved in the promotion of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant physiology, 2013, 161. Jg., No. 2, p. 1002-1009). SAUR genes are primary auxin response genes which are involved in the auxin signalling pathway (Chen et al. Jun. Small auxin upregulated RNA (SAUR) gene family in maize: Identification, evolution, and its phylogenetic comparison with Arabidopsis, rice, and sorghum. Journal of integrative plant biology, 2014, 56. Jg., No. 2, p. 133-150). They can be divided into various groups and have already been found in A. thaliana, rice and soya in different functions. In maize, putative SAUR genes were identified in B73 genome 79. (Chen et al. Small auxin upregulated RNA (SAUR) gene family in maize Identification, evolution, and its phylogenetic comparison with Arabidopsis, rice, and sorghum. Journal of integrative plant biology, 2014, 56. Jg., No. 2, p. 133-150). The candidate gene ORF-09 was mentioned as ZmSAUR37, but the significance conferringchill tolerance was not described earlier and was completely unexpected. In the studies at the basis of the invention, different levels of expression of SAUR31 in the sensitive (SL) compared with the tolerant (TH) lines during chill stress was observed (Table 1b). The promoter sequence shows a high number of polymorphisms between the investigated lines, while the amino acid sequence for the coded protein was largely unaltered. Although it can be postulated that the differing expression of the putative SAUR gene mediated by variation in its promoter is involved in the present chill-tolerant phenotype, all other genes or regions (as can be seen in Tables 1a-c) within the chill tolerance-conferring QTL, individually or together, optionally together with SAUR are responsible for the chill tolerance phenotype or have an influence on the degree of chill tolerance. In total, they constitute preferred aspects of the present invention.

Furthermore, the objective of the invention is also achieved by means of the provision of an expression cassette, which comprises a nucleic acid with a nucleic acid sequence which is selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 29, 3, 7, 11, 15, 25 or 35, or a functional fragment thereof, b) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from a), c) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from a) or b), d) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to a), b) or c) depending on the degeneracy of the genetic code, e) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to a), b) or c) under stringent conditions, f) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 30, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 26 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, or g) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for one or more RNAs which is/are capable of hybridizing with at least a portion of itself or with each other and of thus forming a double-stranded portion, wherein this nucleic acid matches over at least 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, preferably at least 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40, particularly preferably at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100, or more particularly preferably at least 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 750 or 1000 successive nucleotides with one of the nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of (i) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 27, 17, 19, 5, 7, 23 or 25, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from i), (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from (i) or (ii), (iv) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, (v) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) under stringent conditions, (vi) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 28, 18, 20, 6, 8, 24 or 26, or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, or vii) a nucleic acid sequence in antisense orientation to a nucleic acid sequence according to (i) to (vi).

A nucleic acid or expression cassette in accordance with the invention is preferably suitable, after transcription or after expression in a plant, of conferring the property of chill tolerance or of increasing the chill tolerance of the plant.

The principle of expression cassettes, their construction and their components are known to the person skilled in the art and have been described in the literature (Sambrook et al. 2001, Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual (3-volume set) (Vol. 999). Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). Cassettes of this type consist of at least a gene to be expressed and a promoter which is operatively connected to it. Promoters of this type may be capable of mediating the transgenic expression of specific genes in a plant development-specific or tissue-specific manner such as, for example, in WO 2003/006660 or WO 2000/026388. As an example, DE 10 2005 021365 describes a flower-specific expression cassette. They may also contain at least one terminator sequence which is functional in plant cells or plant organisms (for example as described in WO 2003/008596). Expression cassettes may also contain one or more resistance genes which allow for the selection of successfully transformed or transfected cells. The person skilled in the art will be aware of various resistance genes (selection markers) which are known in the prior art (Miki, B; McHugh, p. Selectable marker genes in transgenic plants: applications, alternatives and biosafety. Journal of Biotechnology, 2004, 107. Jg., No. 3, p. 193-232). These may include a resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin or ampicillin, for example Expression cassettes may be present as linear nucleic acid or in a vector or plasmid.

In one embodiment of the expression cassette of the present invention, a nucleic acid in accordance with the invention is operatively connected to a constitutive promoter such as, for example, the 35S promoter (Odell, J T; Nagy, F; Chua, N H. Identification of DNA sequences required for activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promotor. 1985, U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,605 A), a chill/cold-inducible promoter such as, for example, BN115 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,102 A) or a promoter such as, for example, p63 (EP 2 116 606 B1), which is active in particular in the early development of plants or in young plant tissue, wherein “early development” means the first 12 weeks following germination, in particular the first 8 weeks following germination, and in particular the first 4 weeks following germination.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the expression cassette comprises a nucleic acid, which comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid sequence with SEQ ID NO: 29, or a functional fragment thereof, b) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from a), c) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from a) or b), d) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to a), b) or c) depending on the degeneracy of the genetic code, e) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to a), b) or c) under stringent conditions, or f) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 30 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, preferably operatively connected with a promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33, or with an allele variant or a modified form of a promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34, wherein the allele variant or the modified form produces a comparable expression rate or level of expression to the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33. An “allele variant” or a “modified form of the promoter” means a promoter which has an expression rate or expression level which is reduced by more than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% or 50% compared with the expression rate or expression level caused by the promoter with the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34. A “comparable expression rate or expression level” means that the allele variant or the modified form of the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34 essentially has an expression rate or expression level which differs by no more than 20%, 18%, 16%, 14% or 12%, preferably by no more than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7% or 6%, or particularly preferably no more than 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5% or 0% from the expression rate or expression level of the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33.

Furthermore, the present invention also includes a chill stress-responsive promoter comprising a nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33 or 34 or a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33 or 34 or a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes with the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33 or 34, or a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33 or 34, as well as an expression cassette comprising the chill stress-responsive promoter, a vector comprising the chill stress-responsive promoter, or the expression cassette which comprises the chill stress-responsive promoter, a host cell or a plant or parts thereof comprising the chill stress-responsive promoter as a transgene, the expression cassette which comprises the chill stress-responsive promoter, or the vector comprising the chill stress-responsive promoter, or the expression cassette which comprises the chill stress-responsive promoter.

In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the expression cassette comprises a nucleic acid which comprises a nucleotide sequence which codes for one or more RNAs which is/are capable of hybridizing with at least a portion of itself or with each other and of thus forming a double-stranded portion, wherein this nucleic acid matches over at least 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, preferably at least 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40, particularly preferably at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100, or more particularly preferably at least 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 750 or 1000 successive nucleotides with one of the nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of (i) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 27, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from i), (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from (i) or (ii), (iv) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, (v) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) under stringent conditions, (vi) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 28 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, or vii) a nucleic acid sequence in antisense orientation to a nucleic acid sequence according to (i) to (vi).

In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a vector which comprises the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention or the expression cassette in accordance with the invention. The vector may be a plasmid, a cosmid, a phage or an expression vector, a transformation vector, a shuttle vector or a cloning vector; it may be double or single-stranded, linear or circular, or it can transform a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host either by integration into its genome or extra-chromosomally. Preferably, the nucleic acid or expression cassette in accordance with the invention is operatively connected with one or more regulatory sequences which allow transcription and optionally expression in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. A regulatory sequence, preferably DNA, may be homologous or heterologous to the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention. As an example, the nucleic acid may be under the control of a suitable promoter or a terminator. Suitable promoters may be promoters which are constitutively induced (e.g.: 35S promoter from the “Cauliflower mosaic virus” (Odell et al. 1985); particularly suitable promoters are those of the type which are tissue-specific or stress-specific (e.g. chill-responsive, BN115 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,847,102 A)) or development-specific (e.g.: flower-specific promoters, for example the promoter region of the gene GTCHS1; Kobayashi, H et al. Flower-specific gene expression directed by the promoter of a chalcone synthase gene from Gentiana triflora in Petunia hybrida. Plant Science, 1998, 131. Jg., No. 2, p. 173-180). Synthetic or chimeric promoters which are not from nature and which are composed of several elements and contain a minimal promoter as well as, upstream of the minimal promoter, at least one cis-regulatory element which acts as a binding site for special transcription factors may also be suitable promoters. Chimeric promoters can be tailored to the desired specificities and are induced or repressed by various factors. Examples of such promoters can be found in Gun & Rushton (Gurr, S J; Rushton, P J. Engineering plants with increased disease resistance: what are we going to express?. TRENDS in Biotechnology, 2005, 23. Jg., No. 6, p. 275-282) or Venter (Synthetic promoters: genetic control through cis engineering. Trends in Plant Science, 2007, 12. Jg., No. 3, p. 118-124). An example of a suitable terminator is the nos-terminator (Depicker, A, Stachel, S, Dhaese, P, Zambryski, P and Goodman, H (1982) J. Mol. Appl. Genet., 1, 561-575).

In addition to the vectors described above, the present invention also provides a method comprising introducing a vector as described into a host cell. The vector may, for example, be introduced by conjugation, mobilization, biolistic transformation, agrobacterium-mediated transformation, transfection, transduction, vacuum infiltration or electroporation. Methods of this type as well as methods for the preparation of the described vectors are familiar to the person skilled in the art (Sambrook et al. 2001, Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual (3-volume set) (Vol. 999). Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press).

In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a host cell which comprises the nucleic acid, the expression cassette or the vector of the present invention. A “host cell” in the context of the invention may be a prokaryotic (for example bacterial) or eukaryotic cell (for example a plant cell or a yeast cell). Preferably, the host cell is an agrobacterium such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium rhizogenes, or a plant cell which comprises the nucleic acid, the expression cassette or the vector of the present invention. The person skilled in the art will be aware both of many methods such as conjugation or electroporation with which the nucleic acid, the expression cassette or the vector of the present invention can be introduced into an agrobacterium, as well as of methods such as various transformation processes (biolistic transformation, agrobacterium-mediated transformation) with which the nucleic acid, the expression cassette or the vector of the present invention can be introduced into a plant cell (Sambrook et al. 2001).

In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a transgenic plant cell which comprises the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention as a transgene or the expression cassette or the vector of the present invention, and a transgenic plant or a portion thereof which comprises the transgenic plant cell. An example of a transgenic plant cell or plant of this type is a plant cell or plant which is transformed with the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention, with the expression cassette or with the vector of the present invention, preferably stably. A transgenic plant or cell of the present invention preferably comprises a freshly-conferred chill tolerance or an increased chill tolerance compared with a wild type plant which is isogenic, but which has not been transformed with the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention, with the expression cassette or with the vector of the present invention, preferably stably.

In a preferred embodiment of the transgenic plant, the nucleic acid is operatively connected with one or more regulatory sequences which enable transcription and optionally expression in the plant cell. A regulatory sequence, preferably DNA, can be homologous or heterologous to the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention. The total construct formed by the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention and the regulatory sequence(s) can constitute the transgene in the form of the expression cassette. A “portion of a plant” may be a fertilized or unfertilized seed, an embryo, pollen, tissue, an organ or a plant cell, wherein the fertilized or unfertilized seed, embryo or pollen are produced on the transgenic plant wherein the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention has been integrated into its genome as a transgene or the expression cassette or the vector. Similarly, the present invention also includes a descendant of the transgenic plant into the genome of which the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention has been integrated as a transgene, the expression cassette or the vector and which has a conferred chill tolerance or an increased chill tolerance compared with a wild type plant, which is isogenic, but which has not been transformed with the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention, with the expression cassette or with the vector of the present invention, preferably stably.

A freshly-conferred or increased chill tolerance may be determined in a species-specific and experimental manner. In this regard, a leaf image analysis method may be appropriate, which method essentially comprises the following steps: a) two to four weeks cultivation of the plants under zero-stress conditions as regards the outside temperature, b) exposing the plants to a significant chill stress over a period of at least one week, c) carrying out a regeneration phase again under zero-stress conditions over a period of at least one week, and d) measuring the leaf green colour loss in one or more leaves which grew during the period during which the chill stress was applied. As an example, this is described below for maize (Zea mays): the plants are cultivated for two weeks under optimal conditions (no stress) in a greenhouse at 25° C. (daytime temperature) or 22° C. (night time temperature). Next, they are transferred to a climatic chamber at 8° C. or 6° C. for one week. This is followed by a one-week regeneration phase in the greenhouse at 25° C. or 22° C. Next, preferably, the 4th or 5th leaf is examined as regards its colour. This produces a value of 100% for complete maintenance of the green leaf colour and a value of 0% for complete yellowing (chlorosis). In the context of the present invention, it has been shown that the TH variant did better than the SL variant in maintaining chlorophyll under chill stress (see Table 5). In total, values of 10% to 85% leaf greening were measured. The leaf green colour loss of the TH variant was reduced by 19% to 75% compared with the SL variant, i.e. the chill tolerance increased significantly. In this regard, the term “chill tolerance” means—but is not limited to—a reduction in the loss of green leaf colour under chill stress of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, preferably 30%, 40% or 50%, particularly preferably 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% measured using the leaf image analysis described above.

Alternatively, the freshly-conferred or increased chill tolerance in a plant may also be measured by measuring the plant height at the time of onset of the elongation growth in the shoot region. To this end, chill-tolerant and sensitive plants are cultivated under chill stress conditions in comparative tests. In the context of the present invention, it was thus shown that, for example, the TH variant maize had an approximately 35% increased plant length, which in absolute terms is approximately an additional 21 cm compared with the sensitive S1 variant. In this manner, the term “chill tolerance” may also mean that a plant with freshly-conferred or increased chill tolerance has a plant height which is increased by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 35% compared with a control plant at the time of onset of elongation growth.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for the production of a chill-tolerant plant. A method of this type comprises the following steps: A) mutagenization of plant cells or of portions of a plant and subsequent regeneration of plants from the mutagenized plant cells or mutagenized parts, or mutagenization of plants, and B) identification of a plant from A) which, in an endogenous DNA sequence which is identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 27, 17, 19, 5, 7, 23 or 25, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from i), (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from (i) or (ii), (iv) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, (v) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) under stringent conditions, or (vi) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 28, 18, 20, 6, 8, 24 or 26, or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence, has at least one mutation which causes an alteration in the transcription or expression rate or level of transcription or expression of the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant compared with a non-mutagenized wild type plant or an alteration in the activity or stability of a protein or polypeptide coded by the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant compared with a non-mutagenized wild type plant. Preferably, the at least one mutation ensures that the identified plant becomes chill-tolerant or that an already existing chill tolerance is increased.

Preferably, the endogenous DNA sequence from step B) codes for an auxin-responsive protein or a SAUR protein, particular preferably for the protein SAUR31 with SEQ ID NOs: 28 or 30 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof. Preferably, the regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence from step B) is a promoter or a portion thereof. Particularly preferably, the promoter is a promoter with SEQ ID NO: 34 or a promoter which has an identity of at least 80%, 85% or 90%, preferably of at least 92%, 94%, 96% or 98% or particularly preferably of at least 98.5%, 99%, 99.5% or 99.8% with the promoter with SEQ ID NO: 34. An example of a potentially mutated form of a regulatory sequence of an endogenous DNA sequence is the promoter with SEQ ID NO: 33.

A mutation means a modification on a DNA level, i.e. a change in the genetics and/or the epigenetics. As an example, a change in the genetics may be an exchange of at least one nucleobase in the endogenous DNA sequence or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence. If such a nucleobase exchange occurs, for example in a promoter, then this may result in a modified activity of the promoter, because, for example, cis-regulatory elements are modified by this in a manner such that the affinity of a transcription factor to the mutated cis-regulatory elements is altered compared with the wild type promoter, so that the activity of the promoter with the mutated cis-regulatory elements is raised or reduced, depending on whether the transcription factor is a repressor or inductor or whether the affinity of the transcription factor to the mutated cis regulatory element is strengthened or weakened. If such a nucleobase exchange takes place in a coding region for the endogenous DNA sequence, for example, then this may lead to an amino acid exchange in the coded protein, which can change the activity or stability of the protein compared with the wild type protein. A further example of an alteration in the genetics is the deletion of nucleotides in the regulatory sequence and/or the endogenous DNA sequence as well as the addition of nucleotides in the regulatory sequence and/or the endogenous DNA sequence. An example of the regulation of genes by insertion of nucleotides by transposon mutagenesis in maize is shown in Das & Martienssen (Das, Lekha, and Robert Martienssen. “Site-selected transposon mutagenesis at the hcf106 locus in maize.” The Plant Cell 7.3 (1995): 287-294). An alteration in the epigenetics may, for example, be caused by an altered methylation pattern in the DNA.

The person skilled in the art will be aware that a “mutation” within the meaning of the invention can be obtained by a process of mutagenization in step A) of the method for the production of a chill-tolerant plant. The mutagenization here includes both conventional mutagenesis and also location-specific mutagenesis, also known as “genome editing”. In conventional mutagenesis, the modification on a DNA level is not carried out specifically. The plant cell or the plant is exposed to mutagenic conditions such as, for example TILLING, by UV light irradiation or the use of chemicals (Till, Bradley J., et al. “Discovery of induced point mutations in maize genes by TILLING.” BMC Plant Biology 4.1 (2004): 12). A further method for random mutagenesis is mutagenesis with the aid of a transposon. A comprehensive collection of mutants is freely available from the UniformMU project. The collection and the methods are described in McCarty et al. (McCarty, Donald R., et al. “Steady-state transposon mutagenesis in inbred maize” The Plant Journal 44.1 (2005): 52-61). Location-specific mutagenesis allows the introduction of modifications on a DNA level to be made specifically at predetermined sites in the DNA. In this regard, for example, TALENS (WO 2010/079430, WO 2011/072246), meganucleases (Silva, George, et al. “Meganucleases and other tools for targeted genome engineering: perspectives and challenges for gene therapy.” Current gene therapy 11.1 (2011): 11), homing endonucleases (Stoddard, Barry L. “Homing endonucleases: from microbial genetic invaders to reagents for targeted DNA modification.” Structure 19.1 (2011): 7-15), zinc-finger nucleases (Lloyd, Alan, et al. “Targeted mutagenesis using zinc-finger nucleases in Arabidopsis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.6 (2005): 2232-2237) or a CRISPR/Cas system (Gaj, Thomas, Charles A. Gersbach, and Carlos F. Barbas. “ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering.” Trends in biotechnology 31.7 (2013): 397-405) may be used. Preferably, the mutations occur in all copies or alleles or, where appropriate, in all homologues of the corresponding endogenous DNA sequences. This typically means two alterations in respect of a diploid organism such Zea may, for example.

The identification of a plant in step B) may, for example, be carried out with the aid of molecular markers or probes. DNA probes are, for example, primers or primer pairs which may be used in a PCR reaction. As an example, TILLING mutants may be detected or identified by sequencing the target gene in a TILLING population or other methods which detect mispairing in DNA such as, for example, melting point analyses or the use of mispairing-specific nucleases. The present invention encompasses in this respect primer/primer pairs which can be used in this regard, such as primers for the detection of SAUR31 or a mutated form of the promoter of SAUR31. Furthermore, mutants produced using transposons, by using transposon-specific primers and target gene-specific primers in PCR over the whole population and subsequent sequencing of PCR products may be detected. Primers of this type are also encompassed by the invention. Altering the expression rate or level of expression may, for example, be determined using RT-PCR in plant tissue; the alteration in stability, for example, by investigating ubiquitin binder sites and prediction via alterations iii the tertiary structure. Furthermore, recombinant expression of the wild type protein and the corresponding mutated proteins and subsequent biochemical activity tests are also suitable. The person skilled in the art will be aware of other agents and methods in the prior art which could be used for the identification of a plant or plant cell in step B).

The present invention also concerns molecular markers which detect the presence or absence of a mutation in the endogenous DNA sequence or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence. Markers of this type are based, for example, on a SNP and are specific for the mutation (examples: KASPar or TaqMan Marker).

The present invention furthermore concerns a plant which can be produced or has been produced using the present method, or a portion of said plant, wherein a portion of the plant may be a fertilized or non-fertilized seed, an embryo, pollen, a tissue, an organ or a plant cell, and which has at least one mutation in its genome. Similarly, the present invention also encompasses a descendant of the plant which comprises the at least one mutation and is chill-tolerant.

Furthermore, the present invention also concerns a method for isolating a nucleic acid which confers or increases chill tolerance in a plant or plant cell, comprising the following steps:

A) producing a plant in accordance with the method described above or providing a plant or a cell of a plant which has been produced using the method described above or can be produced thereby, and B) isolating a nucleic acid which comprises the endogenous DNA sequence with the at least one mutation from the genome of the plant or cell from A). Isolation of the nucleic acid in step B) may be carried out by CTAB extraction or on DNA-binding columns, detection of the mutation via sequencing or molecular markers such as SNP-based KASPar or TaqMan markers, or in the case of insertion or deletion mutants via markers based on length polymorphisms.

The present invention also encompasses a nucleic acid which has been obtained by the method described above for isolation or which is obtainable by the method described above for isolation, as well as an expression cassette or a vector which comprises the isolated nucleic acid.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for the production of a transgenic chill-tolerant plant. The method may comprise the following steps: A) providing the nucleic acid or expression cassette described above, or providing the vector described above, B) transformation, preferably stable transformation, of at least one plant cell by introduction of the nucleic acid, the expression cassette or the vector from A), C) regenerating transgenic plants from the at least one transformed plant cell from B), and D) identifying a transgenic, chill-tolerant plant from C). The method for the production of the transgenic chill-tolerant plant also includes the provision of two or more of the nucleic acids described above, optionally also different embodiments of the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention and optionally in one or more expression cassettes or vectors, and the transformation of plant cells by introducing the two or more nucleic acids. Finally, in addition to the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention, one or more other nucleic acids, which in known manner may be used to mediate or increase chill tolerance, may be used as a transgene (for example WO 2002/048378 A2, WO 2008/148298 A1).

In a preferred embodiment of the production method, a plant identified in D) preferably has an altered expression pattern compared with a wild type plant which, for example, was regenerated from an isogenic, non-transformed plant cell, characterized in that, because of post-transcriptional gene silencing, the expression rate or expression level of an endogenous DNA sequence with a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 27, 17, 19, 5, 7, 23 or 25, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from i), (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from (i) or (ii), (iv) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, (v) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) under stringent conditions, or (vi) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 28, 18, 20, 6, 8, 24 or 26, or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, is reduced.

The present invention also concerns a transgenic chill-tolerant plant which can be produced using the said method or is produced using it, or a portion of said plant, wherein a portion of a plant may be a fertilized or unfertilized seed, an embryo, pollen, tissue, an organ or a plant cell, wherein the fertilized or unfertilized seed, embryo or pollen are produced on the transgenic plant and into the genome of which the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention has been integrated as a transgene, expression cassette or vector. Similarly, the present invention also encompasses a descendant of the transgenic plant which is chill-tolerant.

In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a method for conferring or increasing chill tolerance in a plant cell or a plant. A method of this type may comprise the following steps: A) transformation, preferably stable transformation, preferably of at least one plant cell by introducing the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention described above or expression cassette of the present invention, or the vector of the present invention described above, optionally B) regenerating transgenic plants from the at least one transformed plant cell from A). The method for the production of the transgenic chill-tolerant plant also encompasses the transformation of two or more of the nucleic acids in accordance with the invention described above, optionally also different embodiments of the nucleic acids in accordance with the invention and optionally one or more of the expression cassettes or vectors of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the transformation in step A) results in a plant cell or plant which, compared with a wild type plant cell which, for example is an isogenic, non-transformed plant cell, or is a plant which, for example, has been regenerated from an isogenic non transformed plant cell, preferably has an altered expression pattern, characterized in that, because of post-transcriptional gene silencing, the expression rate or expression level of an endogenous DNA sequence with a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 27, 17, 19, 5, 7, 23 or 25, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from i), (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from (i) or (ii), (iv) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, (v) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) under stringent conditions, or (vi) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 28, 18, 20, 6, 8, 24 or 26, or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, is reduced.

Furthermore, in an alternative aspect, the invention also concerns the use of the nucleic acid in accordance with the invention, the expression cassette or the vector of the present invention in a method for the production of a transgenic chill-tolerant plant cell or plant or in a method for conferring or increasing the chill tolerance in a plant cell or plant.

In a further aspect, the present invention concerns an agent for external application to plants. This agent is provided for external application to plants. It contains double stranded RNA, wherein a strand of this RNA contains a nucleic acid sequence which matches over at least 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, preferably at least 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 or 40, particularly preferably at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100, or more particularly preferably at least 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 750 or 1000 successive nucleotides with one of the nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of (i) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 27, 17, 19, 5, 7, 23 or 25, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from i), (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% or preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a sequence from (i) or (ii), (iv) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, (v) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) under stringent conditions, (vi) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 28, 18, 20, 6, 8, 24 or 26, or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, or vii) a nucleic acid sequence in antisense orientation to a nucleic acid sequence according to (i) to (vi). Double stranded RNA for the production of the agent in accordance with the invention can be produced by in vitro methods which are known to the person skilled in the art. As an example, synthesis of the double stranded RNA may be carried out synthetically, wherein the RNA is formed directly in vitro. The double stranded RNA may also be synthesized from a double stranded DNA via the formation of a mRNA transcript which then, for example, forms a hairpin structure.

The agent in accordance with the invention may be used as an admixture in a seed casing or in early development by spraying in the form of a spray. Furthermore, the agent may also be used by mixing with the growing substrate before or after emergence of the plants. In each case, the agent is suitable for conferring or increasing chill tolerance in a cell of the seed or plant or the seed or the plant. When used to pre-treat seed, the agent may initially be bound into a carrier substance and be applied in a combination which comprises the double stranded RNA and the carrier substance onto the seeds, wherein the carrier substance may, for example, have a RNA-stabilizing action. Examples of RNA stabilizers which may be used are liposomes, which encapsulate the RNA molecule.

Furthermore, the present invention also encompasses a method for conferring or increasing chill tolerance in a plant cell or a plant, which comprises the step of external application of the agent in accordance with the invention. Preferably, the agent is mixed in with the seed material sheath or the seed film or is sprayed directly onto the seed material or the plant. The present invention also concerns the use of the agent in accordance with the invention for conferring or increasing chill tolerance in a plant cell or a plant.

In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a chill-tolerant maize plant or a portion thereof, comprising a first chromosomal interval from a donor on chromosome 4 between the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119, which comprises a chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, preferably an endogenous chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, and in a region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01, it comprises at least one further chromosomal interval from the same donor as the first chromosomal interval and at least one chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor, wherein the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid comprises one or more nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 29, 3, 7, 11, 15, 25 or 35, b) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 98%, 99% or 99.5% identity with a sequence from a) or b), c) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to a) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, d) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 30, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 26 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof. In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the chromosomal interval on chromosome 4, which comprises a chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, is an interval between the marker positions ma59778s32 and ma59778119 and/or the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid sequence with SEQ ID NO: 29, b) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 98%, 99% or 99.5% identity with a sequence from a), c) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to a) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, or d) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with SEQ ID NO 30 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof; preferably, the nucleic acid sequence is operatively connected with a promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33, or with an allele variant or a modified form of a promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34, wherein the allele variant or the modified form has a comparable expression rate or level of expression to the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33. An “allele variant” or a “modified form of the promoter” means a promoter which has an expression rate or expression level which is reduced by more than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% or 50% compared with the expression rate or expression level produced by the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34. A “comparable expression rate or expression level” means that the allele variant or the modified form of the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34, which essentially has an expression rate or expression level which differs by no more than 20%, 18%, 16%, 14% or 12%, preferably by no more than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7% or 6%, or particularly preferably no more than 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5% or 0% from the expression rate or expression level of the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33.

Furthermore, the presence of the at least one chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor in the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 means that, for example, because of one or more recombination events in the crossing process with a maize plant which does not carry the donor interval, a corresponding donor interval or corresponding donor intervals is replaced by the at least one chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor. In other words, the chromosomal interval flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 which originates from the donor is present in the donor allele in a truncated form.

Alternatively, modern biotechnology provides the person skilled in the art with a variety of other tools which can be used to carry out precise genome engineering: genetic engineering strategies by means of which specific donor segments can be replaced by non-donor segments, and so a “selective sweep” in a plant genome can be reduced or eliminated, including the use of TALE nucleases (TALENs) or zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) as well as CRISPR/Cas systems which, inter alia, have been described in the German patent application DE 10 2013 014 637 for the elimination of linkage drag-carrying nucleotide sequences from the genome of Helminthosporium turcicum resistant (hybrid) maize; see DE 10 2013 014 637 on pages 13 and 14 in paragraphs [0038] to [0042] and the references cited therein. These techniques, which are also described in international patent application WO 2014/104878, may be used in an equivalent manner in the production of the present plants in accordance with the invention.

Furthermore, the present invention also encompasses a combination of the conventional breeding technique and modern biotechnology. Thus, for example, with the aid of this novel genome editing recombination strategy, “hot spots” can be produced in a plant which occur at suitable sites in order to directly promote the exchange of donor segments in the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 by non-donor segments. The present invention makes available to the person skilled in the art in this regard the necessary information regarding the localization of the “selective sweep” as well as the position of the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid(s).

In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the plant in the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01, it comprises at least one further chromosomal interval from the same donor and at least one chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor, wherein the at least one further chromosomal interval from the same donor constitutes less than 90%, less than 80%, less than 70%, preferably less than 60%, less than 50%, less than 40%, or particularly preferably less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2% or less than 1% of the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01, or wherein the at least one chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor constitutes more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 20%, more than 30%, preferably more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, or particularly preferably more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 98% or more than 99% of the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01.

In a preferred exemplary embodiment, in the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01, the plant comprises at least one further chromosomal interval from the same donor and at least one chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor, wherein the at least one further chromosomal interval from the same donor constitutes less than 100 Mb, less than 90 Mb, less than 80 Mb, preferably less than 70 Mb, less than 60 Mb, less than 50 Mb, or particularly preferably less than 40 Mb, less than 30 Mb, less than 20 Mb, less than 15 Mb, less than 10 Mb or less than 5 Mb of the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01, or wherein the at least one chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor constitutes more than 5 Mb, more than 10 Mb, more than 15 Mb, more than 20 Mb, preferably more than 30 Mb, more than 40 Mb, more than 50 Mb, or particularly preferably more than 60 Mb, more than 70 Mb, more than 80 Mb, more than 90 Mb or more than 100 Mb of the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01.

In a particularly preferred exemplary embodiment, in the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01, the plant comprises a chromosomal interval from the same donor from marker position ma59778119 to ma52594s01 and a chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor, from ma52594s01 to ma20205s01 auf.

In a further preferred embodiment, the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 is either alternatively or additionally also characterized in that it comprises a higher allele frequency, at least in parts.

Preferably, the chromosomal interval between the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119 and the chromosomal interval between the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 is localized on chromosome 4 in the maize genome. The chromosomal interval between the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 may contain the centromer of chromosome 4.

In a preferred example, the chromosomal interval which comprises a chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid is a chromosomal interval between the marker positions ma59778s32 and ma59778119. In a further preferred exemplary embodiment, the chromosomal interval between the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119 comprises a chromosomal interval flanked by marker positions ma59778s32 and ma59778119

Preferably, the chromosomal interval between the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119 as well as the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid contained therein originates from a maize line of the Dent pool or is characteristic of a Dent pool, i.e. the person skilled in the art is able to identify the chromosomal interval as originating unequivocally from the Dent pool, for example with the aid of molecular markers.

A selection on genes with strong effects or chromosomal intervals containing a gene with a strong effect such as, for example, in the genome interval in accordance with the invention or chill tolerance-conferring QTL (in particular the identified gene SAUR31) results in an alteration in the allele frequencies. Depending on the degree of recombination and the selection intensity, this alteration in the allele frequencies not only affects the gene or the region bordering the interval, but also neighbouring chromosome regions. This could result in a limited genetic diversity, which is known as “selective sweep”. For a person skilled in the art in the area of plant breeding, this “selective sweep” is extraordinarily disadvantageous, because the plant material which is produced in further breeding operations can no longer achieve its original potential. The genetic depletion means that the conventional strategy of breeding from fresh recombinations and selections comes to nothing. This is illustrated in FIG. 5. The figure shows a substantially reduced genetic diversity in the Dent gene pool compared with the Flint gene pool in the region of chill tolerance-conferring QTL comprising, for example, the gene SAUR31. All of the ORFs of the QTLs found here and the corresponding genes originate from the Dent gene pool. Uncontrolled crossing of the chill tolerance-conferring QTL in another genetic background (for example the Flint pool) would even in this pool lead to a drastic reduction in allele frequencies. In the context of the invention, clearly, crossing of the chromosomal interval between the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119, which comprises a chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, without adequate counter-measures would result in each case in a substantial deterioration in the allele frequency on chromosome 4. The transfer of the identified QTLs or the identified chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid without a reduction in the diversity of the breeding material constitutes an enormous challenge and was finally accomplished by means of very complicated marker-supported fine mapping of the region. In this connection, the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; consequence of SNPs=haplotype) in the chromosomal interval and the adjacent regions was also necessary. By identifying the TH haplotypes equipped with increased chill tolerance and developing novel markers, however, in accordance with the invention, it was surprisingly possible, by using newly-developed molecular markers for a marker-supported selection, to cross the corresponding chromosomal interval in accordance with the invention described above with the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid within a substantially limited interval. The plants produced in this manner exhibited an increased chill tolerance simultaneously with a largely retained genetic diversity. From known breeding lines such as B73, for example, this produces a solution to the problem of selective sweep on the basis of the variable structure of the region.

An allele frequency which is increased “at least in parts” means, for example, that the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 has an increased allele frequency in a region of at least 5 megabases (Mb), at least 10 Mb, at least 15 Mb, at least 20 Mb or at least 25 Mb, preferably at least 30 Mb, at least 40 Mb, at least 50 Mb or at least 60 Mb, or particularly preferably at least 70 Mb, at least 80 Mb, at least 90 Mb or at least 100 Mb. Furthermore, an allele frequency which is increased “at least in parts” can mean that the region on chromosome 4 flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 preferably has an increased allele frequency of at least 1 Mb, at least 2 Mb, at least 3 Mb, at least 4 Mb or at least 5 Mb, preferably at least 10 Mb, at least 15 Mb, at least 20 Mb or at least 25 Mb, or particularly preferably at least 30 Mb, at least 35 Mb, at least 40 Mb or at least 50 Mb on either side of the centromer, preferably of chromosome 4.

An “increased allele frequency” means, for example, a deviation from the allele frequency of 0.5 by no more than 0.4, 0.375 or 0.35, preferably no more than 0.325, 0.3 or 0.275, or particularly preferably no more than 0.25. Furthermore, an “increased allele frequency” can also mean that the allele frequency is not smaller than 0.1, 0.125 or 0.15, preferably not smaller than 0.175, 0.2 or 0.225, or particularly preferably not smaller than 0.25. Furthermore, an “increased allele frequency” can also mean that at least 10%, 15% or 20%, preferably 25%, 30% or 40% or particularly preferably 45% or 50% of a chromosomal interval originates from the Flint pool. In contrast, a “low allele frequency” means a deviation from the allele frequency of 0.5 by more than 0.4 or 0.425. Furthermore, a “low allele frequency” can also mean that the allele frequency is less than 0.1 or 0.075. Furthermore, a “low allele frequency” can also mean that less than 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% of a chromosomal interval originates from the Flint pool. In the context of the present invention, an “increased allele frequency” can also mean that the chromosomal interval, which the increased allele frequency exhibits is truncated or shortened, preferably proximally or distally to the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, for example by at least 5 megabases (Mb), at least 10 Mb, at least 15 Mb, at least 20 Mb or at least 25 Mb, preferably at least 30 Mb, at least 40 Mb, at least 50 Mb or at least 60 Mb, or particularly preferably at least 70 Mb, at least 80 Mb, at least 90 Mb or at least 100 Mb.

In a further aspect, the present invention encompasses molecular markers which are capable, in a chromosomal interval flanked by the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma20205s01 or by the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma52594s01 or by the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119, of differentiating between a chill-tolerant and a chill-sensitive haplotype. Preferably, the chill-tolerant haplotype corresponds to the TH line with a haplotype according to Table 2, and/or the chill-sensitive haplotype corresponds to the SL line with a haplotype according to Table 2. A molecular marker of the present invention may, for example, be a molecular marker which is capable, at one of the marker positions ma59778s31, ma59778s32, ma59778119, ma52594s01 and ma20205s01, of differentiating between a chill-tolerant and a chill-sensitive haplotype. A molecular marker may be an oligonucleotide, in particular a primer oligonucleotide, or it may be present in an isolated form. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the molecular marker of the present invention, alone or in combination with other molecular markers, is capable of detecting the chill tolerance-mediating nucleic acid. Furthermore, the present invention concerns the use of at least one of the molecular markers of the present invention for the identification or selection of a chill-tolerant maize plant in accordance with the invention or a portion thereof.

In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a method for the identification of a chill-tolerant maize plant or portions thereof in accordance with the invention as described above, comprising the steps of A) isolating DNA from the genome of a maize plant, and B) detecting an allele in a chromosomal interval flanked by the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma20205s01 on chromosome 4, optionally supplemented by a step C) for detection of at least one chromosomal interval which does not originate from the donor, or of an allele frequency which is at least partially raised in a chromosomal interval flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01 or by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma52594s01. Preferably, the allele from step B) is found in a chromosomal interval flanked by the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119 or ma59778s32 and ma59778119. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the allele from step B) is diagnostic for the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid. “Diagnostic” means that the allele lies either directly on the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, or is closely coupled to the chill tolerance-mediating nucleic acid. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the molecular markers in accordance with the invention described above are used for the detection in step B).

In a further particularly preferred embodiment, in step B), in addition to a first allele, a second allele is also detected, wherein the first allele and the second allele constitute marker positions which flank a chromosomal interval which comprises the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid. In this regard, the first allele is preferably distal to the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, preferably in a chromosomal interval between ma11840s01 and ma59778s31 or ma11840s01 and ma59778s32, and the second allele is proximal to the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, preferably in a chromosomal interval between ma59778119 and ma20205s01 or ma59778119 and ma52594s01.

In a further aspect, the present invention concerns a method for the selection of a chill-tolerant maize plant or portions thereof in accordance with the invention as described above, comprising the method described above for the identification of a chill-tolerant maize plant or portions thereof in accordance with the invention as described above, supplemented by a further step for selection of the chill-tolerant maize plant or portions thereof on the basis of the detection of step B) and optionally of step C).

A further aspect concerns a method for the production of a maize plant in accordance with the invention, comprising a first step for crossing two maize plants, wherein one maize plant is a chill-tolerant maize plant comprising a first chromosomal interval between the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119, which comprises a chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, and a further chromosomal interval flanked by the marker positions ma59778119 and ma20205s01, at least portions of which derive from the same donor as the first chromosomal interval, and/or which comprises a low allele frequency at least in parts, and as the second step, the method described above for selection of a chill-tolerant maize plant in accordance with the invention from the descendants of the cross in the first step. Preferably, the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid comprises one or more nucleic acid sequences selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 29, 3, 7, 11, 15, 25 or 35, b) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 98%, 99% or 99.5% identity with a sequence from a) or b), c) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to a) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, d) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 30, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 26 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof. In a preferred exemplary embodiment, the chromosomal interval is on chromosome 4, which comprises a chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid, an interval between the marker positions ma59778s32 and ma59778119 and/or the chill tolerance-conferring nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid sequence with SEQ ID NO: 29, b) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 98%, 99% or 99.5% identity with a sequence from a), c) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to a) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, or d) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with SEQ ID NO 30 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof; preferably, the nucleic acid sequence is operatively connected with a promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33, or with an allele variant or a modified form of a promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34, wherein the allele variant or the modified form has a comparable expression rate or level of expression to the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33. An “allele variant” or a “modified form of the promoter” means a promoter which has an expression rate or expression level reduced by more than 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% or 50% compared with the expression rate or expression level produced by the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34. A “comparable expression rate or expression level” means that the allele variant or the modified form of the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34 essentially has an expression rate or expression level which differs by no more than 20%, 18%, 16%, 14% or 12%, preferably by no more than 10%, 9%, 8%, 7% or 6%, or particularly preferably no more than 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5% or 0% from the expression rate or expression level of the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33.

In an additional aspect, the present invention concerns a method for increasing the yield of plants or maize plants, comprising cultivating transgenic chill-tolerant plants in accordance with the invention, mutated chill-tolerant plants or chill-tolerant maize plants in accordance with the invention as well as harvesting an increased yield. The growing plants have an increased chill tolerance which to a certain extent make them capable, during a chill stress phase, of growing faster than a plant with a comparable genotype which does not contain a nucleic acid in accordance with the invention in its genome. This leads to the fact that when the transgenic chill-tolerant plants in accordance with the invention are harvested, mutated chill-tolerant plants or chill-tolerant maize plants in accordance with the invention provide and increased yield.

In a further additional aspect, the present invention encompasses a method for reducing the use of herbicides when cultivating plants or maize plants, in particular during the early development of the plants or maize plants, comprising cultivating transgenic chill-tolerant plants in accordance with the invention, mutated chill-tolerant plants or chill-tolerant maize plants in accordance with the invention. The growing plants have an increased chill tolerance, which to a certain extent make them capable, during a chill stress phase, of growing faster than a plant with a comparable genotype which does not contain a nucleic acid in accordance with the invention in its genome. This means that the plants can compete against growing weeds/foreign vegetation. Preferably, the cultivated plants also have a resistance against herbicides.

Some of the terms used in this application will now be defined in more detail:

The term “hybridize” or “hybridization” means a process in which a single stranded nucleic acid molecule precipitates out with a substantially complementary nucleic acid strand, i.e. forms base-pairs. Standard processes for hybridization are described, for example, in Sambrook et al. 2001. Preferably, this means that at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80% or 85%, particularly preferably 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the bases of the nucleic acid molecule base-pairs with the substantially complementary nucleic acid strand. The possibility of such a base-pairing is dependent on the stringency of the hybridization conditions. The term “stringency” relates to the hybridization conditions. High stringency is the case in which base-pairing is difficult; low stringency is the case when base pairing is easier. The stringency of the hybridization conditions is dependent, for example, on the salt concentration or ionic strength and the temperature. In general, the stringency can be increased by increasing the temperature and/or by reducing the salt content. The term “stringent hybridization conditions” means those conditions in which a hybridization takes place substantially only between homologous nucleic acid molecules. The term “hybridization conditions” thus not only refers to the conditions during actual pairing of the nucleic acids, but also to the conditions prevailing during the associated washing steps. Examples of stringent hybridization conditions are conditions under which primarily, only those nucleic acid molecules hybridize which have at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% sequence identity. Examples of stringent hybridization conditions are: hybridization in 4×SSC at 65° C. and subsequent multiple washing in 0.1×SSC at 65° C. for approximately 1 hour. The term “stringent hybridization conditions” as used here may also mean: hybridization at 68° C. in 0.25 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 7% SDS, 1 mM EDTA and 1% BSA for 16 hours and subsequently washing twice with 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 68° C. Preferably, hybridization is carried out under stringent conditions.

In the context of the invention, the term “homologue” means a protein with the same phylogenetic origin; the term “analogue” means a protein which carries out the same function, but has a different phylogenetic origin; and the term “orthologue” means a protein from another species which carries out the same function.

Unless otherwise stated, a “plant” in the context of the invention may be any species selected from dicotyledon, monocotyledon and gymnosperm plants. Examples are Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Secale cereale, Triticale, Saccharum officinarium, Zea mays, Setaria italic, Oryza sativa, Oryza minuta, Oryza australiensis, Oryza alta, Trificum aestivum, Trificum durum, Hordeum bulbosum, Brachypodium distachyon, Hordeum marinum, Aegilops tauschii, Beta vulgaris, Helianthus annuus, Daucus glochidiatus, Daucus pusillus, Daucus muricatus, Daucus carota, Eucalyptus grandis, Erythranthe guttata, Genlisea aurea, Gossypium sp., Musa sp., Avena sp., Nicotiana sylvestris, Nicofiana tabacum, Nicofiana tomentosiformis, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum tuberosum, Coffea canephora, Vitis vinifera, Cucumis sativus, Morus notabilis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis lyrata, Arabidopsis arenosa, Crucihimalaya himalaica, Crucihimalaya wallichii, Cardamine flexuosa, Lepidium virginicum, Capsella bursa pastoris, Olmarabidopsis pumila, Arabis hirsuta, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica juncacea, Brassica nigra, Raphanus sativus, Eruca vesicaria sativa, Citrus sinensis, Jatropha curcas, Glycine max and Populus trichocarpa. A plant in accordance with the invention is preferably a plant from the genus Zea, in particular the species Zea mays, or sorghum.

“Operatively connected” means bound in the same nucleic acid molecule in a manner such that the connected elements are positioned with respect to each other and orientated such that a transcription of the nucleic acid molecule can take place. A DNA which is operatively connected with a promoter is under the transcriptional control of this promoter.

Examples of plant “organs” are leaves, plant stems, stems, roots, vegetative buds, meristems, embryos, anthers, ovulae or fruit. Plant “portions” mean a combination of several organs, for example a flower or a seed, or a portion of an organ, for example a section from the stem. Examples of plant “tissue” are callus tissue, soft tissue, meristem tissue, leaf tissue, stem tissue, root tissue, plant tumour tissue or reproductive tissue. The term plant “cells” should be understood to mean, for example, isolated cells with a cell wall or aggregates thereof or protoplasts.

A “functional fragment” of a nucleotide sequence means a section of a nucleotide sequence which comprises the identical or a comparable functionality as the total nucleotide sequence from which the functional fragment originates. As such, the functional fragment may have a nucleotide sequence which is identical to or homologous with the total nucleotide sequence to an extent of at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 94% 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%. Furthermore, a “functional fragment” of a nucleotide sequence may also mean a section of a nucleotide sequence which changes the functionality of the total nucleotide sequence, for example during the course of post-transcriptional or transcriptional gene silencing. As such, the functional fragment of a nucleotide sequence may comprise at least 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25, preferably at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120 or 140, particularly preferably at least 160, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1000 successive nucleotides of the total nucleotide sequence.

The term “heterologous” means that the introduced polynucleotide originates, for example, from a cell or an organism with a different genetic background from the same species or from another species, or is homologous to the prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, but is then localized in a different genetic environment and thus differs from any naturally available corresponding polynucleotide. A heterologous polynucleotide may be present in addition to a corresponding endogenous gene.

In connection with the present invention, the term “regulatory sequence” means a nucleotide sequence which influences the specificity and/or the expression strength, for example in that the regulatory sequence confers a specific tissue specificity. A regulatory sequence of this type may be may be located upstream of the transcription initiation point of a minimal promoter, but also downstream thereof such as, for example, in a transcribed but not translated leader sequence or within an intron.

The term “chromosomal interval” means a continuous linear section on a genomic DNA which is present in a single chromosome in the plant or on a chromosomal interval. If the chromosomal interval is defined by providing two flanking marker positions, this represents the end points of the interval on the distal and proximal sides. In this manner, the marker positions which defines the ends of the interval may themselves also be part of the interval. In the description, an interval is also specified as being “between marker position A and marker position B”. In this case, the chromosomal interval is constituted by a continuous linear section of DNA which is localized between the two specified marker positions. The marker positions are not the end points of the interval at the distal and proximal side. The specified marker positions themselves do not form part of the interval.

The term “allele” involves one or two or more nucleotide sequences at a specific locus in the genome. A first allele is on a chromosome; a second is on a second chromosome at the same position. If the two alleles are different, then these are heterozygous, and if the alleles are the same, they are homozygous. Different alleles of a gene (gene allele) differ in at least one SNP. Depending on the context of the description, an allele also means only a single SNP which, for example, allows a differentiation between two haplotypes.

A “maize plant” should be understood to mean a plant from the species Zea mays as well as its subspecies such as, for example, Zea mays ssp. mays, Zea mays ssp. mexicana or Zea mays ssp. parviglumis.

A “marker” or “molecular marker” is a nucleotide sequence which is used as a reference or orientation point. A marker for detecting a recombination event should be capable of monitoring differences or polymorphisms within a plant population. For markers, these differences are on a DNA level and are, for example, differs in polynucleotides such as, for example, SSRs (simple sequence repeats), RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms), FLPs (fragment length polymorphisms) or SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). The markers may be derived from genomic or expressed nucleic acids such as, for example, spliced RNA, cDNA or ESTs, and may also refer to nucleic acids which are used as probes or primer pairs and as such are capable of amplifying a sequence fragment using PCR-based methods. Markers which concern genetic polymorphisms between parts of a population can be detected by means of an established method from the prior art (An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th Edition, Griffiths, Miller, Suzuki et al., 2000). These include, for example: DNA sequencing, PCR-based, sequence-specific amplification, detection of RFLPs, detection of polynucleotide polymorphisms using allele-specific hybridization (ASH), the detection of SSRs, SNPs or AFLPs. Furthermore, methods for the detection of ESTs (expressed sequence tags) and RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) are also known. Depending on the context, the term “marker” in the description also means a specific chromosome position in the genome of a species, where a specific marker (for example SNP) can be found. Such a marker position may be used in order to monitor the presence of a coupled locus, for example a coupled locus which contributes to the expression of a specific phenotype trait. As an example, the marker locus may also be used in order to observe the segregation of alleles at a locus (QTL or individual gene) which are genetically or physically closely coupled to the marker position.

The present invention will now be described in the examples with reference to the figures which are, however, non-limiting in nature. For the purposes of the invention, all documents cited herein are incorporated by reference. In the figures:

FIG. 1: shows the diagrammatic sequence for candidate genes in the region between the marker positions ma59778s31 and ma59778119, comparing SL, TH and B73 AGPv02. Solid-lined boxes: annotated gene; dotted-lined boxes: information from marker-supported mapping; region in which a genetic polymorphism occurs between the SL and TH lines are ORF-SL-01/ORF-TH-01, ORF-SL-02/ORF-TH-02, Region-SL-13a/Region-TH-13a, Region-SL-13b/Region-TH-13b, ORF-SL-05, ORF-SL-06, Region-SL-11/ORF-TH-11, ORF-SL-12/Region-TH-12, Region-SL-06/Region-TH-06, ORF-SL-09/ORF-TH-09 and Region-SL-07/Region-TH-07; arrowheads show the 5′-3′ direction, irrespective of the DNA strand on which the respective gene is; SL: chill-sensitive genotype; TH: chill-tolerant genotype; B73: maize line the genome of which has been sequenced and which is used by the person skilled in the art for maize breeding as a reference genome. Using the B73 data, it is possible, in addition to the marker-supported candidate gene position, to provide the relative position (relative to B73 reference genome) as well.

FIG. 2: additive marker effect (half the difference between the means of the two homozygous marker sites) for the phenotype trait of early plant height and leaf green colour of the investigated plants after chill stress in experiments the field (on the left) and in a climatic chamber (on the right). The length of a bar behind the mark for the marker position indicates the magnitude of the influence of the genetics on the manifestation of said features after chill stress. According to this, the marker positions ma59778s32, ma59778116 and ma59778119 decide to a great extent whether a plant is chill-tolerant. The measurements and calculations for FIG. 2 can be seen in Table 5.

FIG. 3 shows, in the upper region (A), the diagrammatic representation of chromosome 4 from Zea mays with a total of approximately 225 megabases. The position of the centromer and four important marker positions and their names are clearly marked. In the lower region (B), an enlarged section around the marker Zm4-5 can be seen in which the gene SAUR31 can also be found. This constitutes fine mapping which very precisely shows the position of SAUR31 using three marker positions. SAUR31 is flanked by the two markers ma59778s32 and ma59778119.

FIG. 4 shows the mean of the trait “plant height” of plants with mutations in the 5′UTR region before the SAUR31 gene compared with the mean of the non-mutagenized starting line. It shows two different points in time for measurement (two different stages of plant development): the measurement shown on the left was carried out 50 days after sowing and the second measurement on the left was carried out 27 days after the first measurement shown on the left. The field emergence was carried out under cool spring conditions and both measurements were carried out before the maize flowered. The data verify the significance of SAUR31 on the phenotype manifestation of the “chill tolerance” trait.

FIG. 5 shows the extent of genetic diversity using the allele frequencies in the Dent gene pool (lower line) and in the Flint gene pool (upper line) on chromosome 4. Maximum genetic diversity is at an allele frequency of 0.5. The values 0.0 and 1.0 represent extremes which indicate the complete fixing of a specific genetic background without any variability. As can be seen from the figure, the Dent gene pool shows clear genetic fixing compared with the Flint gene pool, in particular bordering the region for chill tolerance-conferring QTL containing the gene SAUR31.

FIG. 6 shows the relative expression of the SAUR31 gene in chill-sensitive and chill-tolerant lines. The plants were cultivated for two weeks at temperatures of 22° C./25° C. and then were subjected to a chill stress of 6° C./8° C. for 24 h. At the start of the chilling treatment (0 h) as well as after 4 h and 24 h, the above-ground parts of eight plants were used for RNA isolation. The RNA was investigated using RT-PCR. The tests were carried out twice and both results are shown as two adjacent bars. All of the values were standardized to the SL 0 h value, which was defined as 1.

SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 35 show:

SEQ ID NO: 1 open reading frame ORF-SL-01 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 2 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 1

SEQ ID NO: 3 open reading frame ORF-TH-01 from the TH line

SEQ ID NO: 4 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 3

SEQ ID NO: 5 open reading frame ORF-SL-02 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 6 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 5

SEQ ID NO: 7 open reading frame ORF-TH-02 from the TH line

SEQ ID NO: 8 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 7

SEQ ID NO: 9 open reading frame ORF-SL-03 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 10 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 9

SEQ ID NO: 11 open reading frame ORF-TH-03 from the TH line

SEQ ID NO: 12 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 11

SEQ ID NO: 13 open reading frame ORF-SL-04 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 14 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 13

SEQ ID NO: 15 open reading frame ORF-TH-04 from the TH line

SEQ ID NO: 16 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 15

SEQ ID NO: 17 open reading frame ORF-SL-05 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 18 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 17

SEQ ID NO: 19 open reading frame ORF-SL-06 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 20 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 19

SEQ ID NO: 21 open reading frame ORF-SL-12 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 22 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 21

SEQ ID NO 23 open reading frame ORF-SL-08 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 24 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 23

SEQ ID NO: 25 open reading frame ORF-TH-08 from the TH line, which is identical to ORF-SL-08 from the SL line

SEQ ID NO: 26 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 25

SEQ ID NO: 27 open reading frame ORF-SL-09 from the SL line, which corresponds to the gene SAUR 31.

SEQ ID NO: 28 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 27

SEQ ID NO: 29 open reading frame ORF-TH-09 from the TH line, which corresponds to the gene SAUR 31, wherein the gene is present in an allele variation which apparently contributes to the manifestation of chill tolerance

SEQ ID NO: 30 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 29

SEQ ID NO: 31 open reading frame ORF-B73-09 from the maize genome reference line B73, which corresponds to the gene SAUR 31

SEQ ID NO: 32 the protein coded by SEQ ID NO: 31

SEQ ID NO: 33 promoter region of the gene SAUR31 corresponding to the allele variation ORF-TH-09, wherein the promoter region is present in an allele variation which apparently contributes to the manifestation of chill tolerance

SEQ ID NO: 34 promoter region of the gene SAUR31 corresponding to the allele variation ORF-SL-09

SEQ ID NO: 35 open reading frame ORF-TH-11 from the TH line

SEQ ID NO: 36 primer

SEQ ID NO: 37 primer

SEQ ID NO: 38 mutated version of SAUR31 with base exchange of adenine for a guanine in position −25 (relative to translation start); the codogenic strand is shown in the 5′ to 3′ direction.

EXAMPLES

A QTL mapping study was carried out in a bi-parental mapping population of the inbred lines SL and TH. The inbred line SL is sensitive to cool temperatures during early development of the plant in the field, while TH is the tolerant parent line.

Field experiments were carried out with 720 DH (double haploid) lines in 8 locations (Presterl et al., 2007). The 720 DH lines were genotyped with 188 SSR markers over the genome. A phenotyping of the plant development was carried out at an early stage (six to eight fully developed leaves) and the total yield of fresh plant material and the number of plants were determined as a measure of the field chill tolerance.

The QTL mapping was calculated on the level of the line per se and test crosses. As a result, 7 QTL regions could be determined on 6 chromosomes, wherein the strongest QTL was detected on chromosome 4 in a 4 cM interval with 33.7% of the determined phenotype variance. In the first QTL mapping, only 3 SSR markers covered the genome region (Presterl et al. 2007). On the B73 AGPv01 physical map, this region covered 155 Mb. The QTL mapping was later verified in this population. Further fine mapping of this region was carried out. 23 markers for the QTL region were developed and near isogenic lines (NILs) were genotyped for the large QTL region and further recombination plants were derived from crosses between NILs and the sensitive SL parent, in order to develop NILs with smaller chromosome segments. Two flanking polymorphic markers for the QTL region could be mapped at 36.7 Mb (Zm4-5) and 156.4 Mb (Zm4-6) on the physical map of B73 AGPv01 (see FIG. 3). The newly developed markers could be mapped at 37.1 Mb. The novel markers narrowed the QTL region to 119.7 Mb, but because of the low recombination frequency in this region (pericentromeric region) and insufficient genomic resources, a smaller interval could not be determined (Baliashvili, 2011).

A phenotype test to determine the cold sensitivity was established, wherein the plants were cultivated in a growth chamber for 14 days (three leaf stage) during the day at 25° C. and at night at 22° C. Following this, the temperature was reduced to 8° C. during the day and 6° C. at night for one week. The yield at 25° C. during the day and 22° C. at night after chilling treatment produced a chlorotic lesion in the fourth and fifth leaf when the plant was sensitive to the chilling treatment (SL line). The tolerant plants remained green (TH line).

Molecular analysis and genomic resources: in order to enrich the QTL region with the novel molecular markers, novel genomic resources were produced. Thus, a sequence capture strategy with the SL, TH lines and the NIL TH-N4-32-line 28 produced novel polymorphism SNP markers in a comparison between SL and TH. BAC sequences from two BAC libraries which derived from a line which carried the sensitive SL allele on the QTL and a line which carried the tolerant TH allele on the QTL were also prepared. BAC library screening, sequencing and scaffold construction were carried out. The BAC libraries were screened with the known markers for the QTL region in both libraries. Three BAC clones from the SL-BAC libraries and four BAC clones from the TH-BAC libraries were sequenced with three different next generation techniques. For the SL-BAC scaffold, a total size of 284 kb and for the TH-BAC scaffold, a total size of 356 kb were put together, which both contained the target region between ma59778s31 and ma59778119 including flanking regions. The missing polymorphism marker in the direction towards the centromer could be established by comparison of the BAC sequences from both libraries. Beyond 38729663 bp on the B73 AGPv02 map, no polymorphism could be detected between the two lines. In position 37297901 bp, ma59778119 was confirmed as the last functional marker. This marker enabled 3′ determination of the QTL region, because from position 38729663 onwards, no further polymorphisms were observed between SL and TH. Without this marker, it would not have been possible to identify introgressions as small as 35 kb (from marker ma59778s31 to ma59778119) (see FIG. 3).

Identification of candidate genes: the BAC scaffolds of both BAC libraries were annotated. Candidate genes/regions were confirmed when they matched the results of the recombinant screenings, their functional annotation, the results of the expression analyses, and whether they exhibited polymorphisms between the SL and TH lines. A total of nine open reading frames (ORFs) could be annotated on the S1-BAC scaffold, and seven ORFs could be annotated on the TH-BAC scaffold between ma59778s31 and 7202707. ORFs could be detected, wherein most of them coded for complete or shortened transposable elements (Tables 1a to c). It is known that such elements, when located close to genes, can influence their expression (Butelli, Eugenio, et al. “Retrotransposons control fruit-specific, cold-dependent accumulation of anthocyanins in blood oranges.” The Plant Cell 24.3 (2012): 1242-1255; Meihls, Lisa N., et al. “Natural variation in maize aphid resistance is associated with 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1, 4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside methyltransferase activity.” The Plant Cell 25.6 (2013): 2341-2355).

Two annotated ORFs (ORF-SL-03/ORF-TH-03, ORF-SL-08/ORF-TH-08) exhibited no genomic sequence differences between SL and TH. Four annotated ORFs (ORF-SL-02/ORF-TH-02, ORF-SL-04/ORF-TH-04, ORF-SL-09/ORF-TH-09, ORF-TH-11/Region-SL-11, ORF-SL-12/Region-TH-12) exhibited polymorphisms either from individual nucleotides or insertions/deletions; one ORF (ORF-SL-01/ORF-TH-01) mapped only partially between the genotypes. Two ORFs (ORF-SL-05, ORF-SL-06), which were identified and annotated in SL were missing in TH. As a result, all ORFs which are polymorphic, are missing between the two genotypes or exhibit a different expression, are suitable candidate genes for the observed property of chill tolerance. ORF-09, which was identified as SAUR31 in the maize database, is of particular interest. SAUR genes (small auxin upregulated RNA) react to auxin.

Validation of candidate genes: screening of a TILLING population with the tolerant allele from TH for the chill tolerance-conferring QTL region on chromosome 4 was started for the candidate genes, in particular ORF-SL-09, ORF-TH-09 (B73: GRMZM2G420812). Two amino acid exchanges could be identified in the mutants, and two mutants exhibited polymorphisms in the 5′ region of the gene.

The expression of selected candidate genes was analysed by qRT-PCR in both parent lines and in two NILs which differ in chill tolerance. Plants were cultivated in a growth chamber under the conditions described above, and the expression of the candidate genes was analysed at three points in time during the chilling treatment:

1. before the chilling treatment (t0),

2. four hours after the beginning of the chilling treatment (t4) and

3. 24 hours after the beginning of the chilling treatment (t24).

The expression of the SAUR31 gene (ORF-09) was higher in the chill-sensitive lines and decreased at each measurement point. Two of the analysed transposable elements (ORF-08 and ORF-02) also exhibited a different expression between sensitive and tolerant lines (FIG. 6). Tables 1a to c summarize the candidate genes, their annotation, the observed polymorphisms and the results of the expression analysis. The differences in expression could be assumed to be the cause of the retarded growth under cool conditions.

Development of a SAUR31 mutant and its analysis in field trials: because of the particular influence of SAUR31 on the phenotype manifestation of chill tolerance, a functional validation of this gene was sought. The strategy was an undirected EMS mutagenesis of polyamide-imide pollen (see Neuffer and Coe, 1978; Paraffin oil technique for treating mature corn pollen with chemical mutagens. Maydica 23: 21-28). After mutagenesis of an original line (KWS279), M1 seed was cultivated and next, a leaf harvest of the corresponding individual plants was carried out. The subsequent DNA extraction from the harvested leaf samples carried out using specific primers (SEQ ID NOs: 36 and 37), produced a DNA fragment of the SAUR31 gene for amplification. By sequencing this DNA fragment, deviations from the original sequence of the SAUR31 gene could be specifically detected and traced back to the corresponding individual plant. By means of this method, one such mutant could successfully be identified which had a mutation of the SAUR31 gene in the 5″-UTR (untranslated region). Here, an exchange of G/C for A/T in position (−25), starting from the start ATG in the original sequence was observed. The associated sequence is given in SEQ ID NO: 38. The heterozygotic mutation identified in the M1 generation was fixed by selfing the corresponding individual plant in the following M2 generation.

In field trials at location A, the mutants were cultivated in rows each with 20 plants repeated 5 times. The non-mutagenized original line was cultivated in the direct vicinity of the mutant in order to ensure the best possible comparison. The statistical evaluation of the mean values of the mutants to the original line exhibited a significantly poorer growth of the mutants under cool spring conditions compared with the original line (FIG. 4). FIG. 4 shows the means for the plant growth height trait for the mutants with respect to the mean of the non-mutagenized starting line at two different measurement points (two different stages of plant development): the second measurement shown on the right in FIG. 4 was carried out 27 days after the first measurement shown on the left. The field emergence was carried out under cool spring conditions.

Development of recombinant NILs: using the novel molecular markers, furthermore, recombinant NILs, which originated from the NILs TH-N4-8X, TH-N4-56X and TH-N4-32, were developed.

Very small recombination events could be identified, which comprised 34.729 kb on the B73AGPv02 physical map, 32.731 kb on the SL-BAC scaffold and 25.662 kb on the TH-BAC scaffold (the edges were given by marker ma59778s31 to marker ma59778119) (Table 2). An overview of the NILs which were used in the various challenges is given in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Overview of NILs and parents used for the various challenges. The marker positions with reference to AGPv2 are: ma11840s01= 31306276 bp; ma59778s31= 37263172 bp; ma59778s32= 37296672 bp; ma59778119= 37297901 bp; ma52594s01= 58033711 bp; ma20205s01= 156998152 bp. lines ma11840s01 ma59778s31 ma59778s32 ma5977819 ma52594s01 ma20205s01 haplotype SL A C C A A G HP1 TH G T T C A A HP2 TH-N4-32 G T T C A G HP3 TH-N4-8X G T T C A A HP2 TH-N4-56X G T T C A G HP3 SL-BAC library A C C A A G HP1 TH-BAC library G T T C A A HP2 KWS279-TILLING G T T C A A HP2 NIL-003 - RNAseq G T T C A G HP3 NIL-011 - RNAseq A C C A A G HP1 NIL1 phenotype T T C A HP1 NIL2 phenotype C T C A HP4 NIL3 phenotype T C A A HP5 NIL4 phenotype T C C A HP6

Phenotype evaluation: the NILs which contained the donor segment at marker ma59778s32 but the SL allele contained marker ma59778s31 and vice versa, were phenotyped in the field and in the growth chamber.

NILs and the parent lines were evaluated for plant development in an early stage in two locations A and B in Northern Germany, which are known to have low temperatures during early growth periods for maize Experiment 1 was carried out at two locations with 27 recombinant plants in 20 replications, and experiment 2 consisted of 38 recombination plants in 10 replications, evaluated at location A. In both experiments, NILs were planted in a row with 20 plants. The plant development was measured as the plant height at the start of the elongation phase for the stem.

TABLE 3 Mean of heritability as a function of test location for early plant height for experiments 1 and 2 Experiment 1 Several Location Location Experiment 2 Parameter locations A B Location A Mean [cm] 67.4 61.0 73.8 58.0 Mean TH [cm] 83.0 76.2 89.8 79.9 Mean SL [cm] 64.8 59.0 70.6 58.7 LSD5 % [cm] 1.9 2.4 3.0 2.6 Heritability [%] 98.5 97.2 97.2 97.4

Early plant height exhibited a very high heritability (>97%, Table 3). The two parent lines SL and TH were included in both experiments and differed significantly in early plant height.

Early plant height of NILs was calculated as the percentage of sensitive SL parents (Table 3). RecNILs with identical genotypes in the chromosomal interval between markers ma59778s31 and ma59778119 were brought together as haplotypes (Table 4). RecNILs which exhibited the SL genotype at markers ma59778s32, ma59778119 and ma59778116, had a clearly lower early plant height compared with the corresponding TH genotypes. The TH variant surprisingly had a plant length which was increased by about 35%; in absolute terms, approximately an additional 21 cm. Two NILs with the SL genotype at markers ma59778119 and ma59778116 exhibited a similarly low early plant height.

In addition, the NILs were phenotyped in the climatic chamber using the phenotype tests described above. The lines were cultivated for two weeks in a greenhouse (25/22° C.) and transferred into the climatic chamber for one week at 8/6° C. (cool conditions); after recovering for one week in the greenhouse (25/22° C.), the green colour of leaves four and five was evaluated between 0 (yellow) and 100% (green). In this regard, a value of 100% represented complete maintenance of the green leaf colour and a value of 0% represented completely yellow (chlorosis). It was seen that the TH variant was superior to the SL variant even with maintenance of chlorophyll under chill stress. In total, values of 10% to 85% were measured. The leaf green colour loss for the TH variants in this regard was reduced by 19% up to 75% compared with the SL variants.

TABLE 4 Tabular overview of NIL haplotypes, represented with different number (N) of individual NILs and their phenotype results for the properties of early plant height (SL = 100%) and greenness of leaves. Early plant Green Lines Haplotype height [% SL] N colour [%] N NIL1 HP2 107.6 22 83.1 10 phenotype NIL2 HP4 106.1 6 63.1 7 phenotype NIL3 HP5 92.8 16 34.2 5 phenotype NIL4 HP6 94.3 2 15.0 2 phenotype SL HP1 100 1 10 1

In addition, the effects of the marker in the target interval for the results from the field and the climatic chamber trials using an individual marker regression strategy (FIG. 1) were calculated. The markers which are physically close to or in the gene ORF-09 (ma59778120-ma59778119) exhibited the largest effects and were significantly associated with the two phenotype measurements. In the field trial, 6% of the additional effect corresponded to a difference between the two homozygous marker classes of 12%. In absolute terms, this represents 7.8 cM, which is 40% of the phenotype difference between SL and TH. For the growth chamber, the additive effect was 22.7% of the two closest flanking markers.

TABLE 5 LOD values (logarithmic odds ratio, statistical estimation of the probability of a marker and trait manifestation being inherited in a coupled manner. LOD = 3 is usually taken to be the significance threshhold) and additive marker effects (corresponds to half the difference of the two homozygotic marker manifestations) for the early plant height and green coloration of leaves phenotypes for the investigated recombinant plants in the field and in the climatic chamber experiments Early plant height Green coloration Marker Position LOD Effect [%] LOD Effect [%] zm00139s01 37227335 0 0.52 0 0.29 ma59778sl7 37250743 0.3 1.09 0 2.27 ma59778s20 37255740 0.2 1.02 0 2.27 ma59778s21 37255778 0.2 0.94 0 1.45 ma59778s22 37257777 0.1 0.79 0 1.67 ma59778s24 37258325 0.2 0.89 0 2.27 ma35241s01 37258811 0.3 1.09 0.1 4.10 ma59778s25 37258935 0.3 1.09 0 2.27 ma59778s26 37260907 0.3 1.09 0.1 5.32 ma59778s27 37260916 0.3 1.09 0.1 4.10 ma59778s30 37263151 0.2 0.89 0.1 4.10 ma59778s31 37263172 0.2 1.00 0 1.69 ma59778s32 37296672 19.5 5.99 4.4 24.20 ma59778119 37297901 14.1 5.37 3.2 22.70

Relevance of developed marker to chill tolerance: the identification of the candidate gene haplotype and the development of novel markers means that, with the aid of marker-supported selection, the corresponding candidate gene can be crossed within a significantly limited interval into chill-sensitive breeding material. The plants produced in this manner have an increased chill tolerance, while biodiversity is retained as far as is possible.

An analysis of 5598 genotypes from the Dent gene pool used for breeding has shown that 86% of the genotypes have the candidate gene in the desired allele variant and thus comprise the desired haplotypes. 

1-14. (canceled)
 15. A nucleic acid, which comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 29, or a functional fragment thereof, b) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from a), c) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 90% identity with a sequence from a) or b), d) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to a), b) or c) depending on the degeneracy of the genetic code, e) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to a), b) or c) under stringent conditions, f) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 30 or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, and which is operatively connected with either a promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 33, or a modified form of a promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO: 34, wherein the modified form produces a comparable expression rate or level of expression as the promoter which comprises the nucleotide sequence with SEQ ID NO:
 33. 16. A method for the production of a chill-tolerant plant, comprising the following steps: A) mutagenization of plant cells or of portions of a plant and subsequent regeneration of plants from the mutagenized plant cells or mutagenized parts, or mutagenization of plants, and B) identification of a plant from A) which, in an endogenous DNA sequence which is identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of (i) a nucleic acid sequence with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 27, (ii) a nucleic acid sequence which is complementary to a sequence from i), (iii) a nucleic acid sequence which has at least 90% identity with a sequence from (i) or (ii), (iv) a nucleic acid sequence which differs from a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) in accordance with the degeneracy of the genetic code, (v) a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes with a nucleic acid sequence according to (i), (ii) or (iii) under stringent conditions, or (vi) a nucleic acid sequence which codes for a protein with one of the SEQ ID NOs: 28, or a homologue, analogue or orthologue thereof, or in a regulatory sequence of the endogenous DNA sequence, has at least one mutation which causes an alteration in the transcription or expression rate or level of transcription or expression of the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant compared with a non-mutagenized wild type plant or an alteration in the activity or stability of a protein or polypeptide coded by the endogenous DNA sequence in the identified plant compared with a non-mutagenized wild type plant.
 17. A plant which can be produced or is produced using the method as claimed in claim 16, or a portion of the plant.
 18. An expression cassette, comprising the nucleic acid as claimed in claim
 15. 19. A vector, comprising the nucleic acid as claimed in claim 15 or an expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid.
 20. A transgenic plant cell comprising the nucleic acid as claimed in claim 15 as a transgene; an expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid; or a vector comprising the nucleic acid.
 21. A transgenic plant or a portion thereof, comprising the transgenic plant cell as claimed in claim
 20. 22. A method for the production of a transgenic chill-tolerant plant, comprising the following steps: A) providing the nucleic acid as claimed in claim 15; an expression cassette comprising the nucleic acid; or a vector comprising the nucleic acid, B) transformation at least one plant cell by introduction of the nucleic acid, the expression cassette or the vector from A), C) regenerating transgenic plants from the at least one transformed plant cell from B), and D) identifying a transgenic, chill-tolerant plant from C). 